BIT ERROR RATE ANALYSIS OF OFDM

How to reduce the bit error rate of OFDM

How to reduce the bit error rate of OFDM

For this, numerous techniques are proposed to beat the PAPR problem like i) Selective mapping (SLM) ii) Partial transmit sequence (PTS), iii) Clipping, iv) Clipping and filtering. Current technological objectives for OFDM focus primarily on optimizing bit error rate (BER) performance, particularly in high-data-rate applications where transmission reliability directly impacts user experience. However, one amongst the foremost drawbacks of the OFDM system is that the high-peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) that leads the system to provide in-band distortion and out-of-band radiation and reduces its efficiency. OFDM can be implemented easily, it is spectrally efficient and can provide high data rates with sufficient robustness to channel imperfections. Abstract-In this paper we present an analytical approach to evaluate the bit error rate (BER) of OFDM systems subject to carrier frequency offset (CFO) and channel estimation error in Rayleigh flat fading as well as in time and frequency selective fading channels.

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Fault Point Analysis of Relay Protection Information

Fault Point Analysis of Relay Protection Information

This study introduces a new diagnostic framework that combines improved particle swarm optimization, K-means clustering algorithms, support vector machine (SVM), and learning vector quantization neural networks to provide a comprehensive fault diagnosis and pre-diction model for. Fault tracking means that after the failure of relay protection devices, the anomalies and warning information are obtained through data-mining technology, and then, the fault tracking algorithm is used to find the cause of failure.

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Analysis of the causes of beam splitter mismatch

Analysis of the causes of beam splitter mismatch

Due to the design defects and process limitations, polarization distortion in beam splitter is inevitable, which results in the significant errors in the optical systems. g induced by the deviation from the Brewster angle of the incident angle or by the rotation of the incident plane when the PBS is misaligned. The use of beam splitters in scanner systems for additive manufacturing with PBF-LB promises higher possible productivity and a multiplication of the achievable build rate. The optical components can not reach the theoretical design state during assemble process.

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